Softskill Bahasa Inggris 2

Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or it may be a complete sentence in itself.

For example:

He was eating a bacon sandwich.

[clause]

She had a long career	but she is remembered mainly for one early work.
[clause]	[clause]

I want some cheese
S          P

She is at home
  S         P

Main clause

Every sentence contains at least one main clause. A main clause may form part of a compound sentence or a complex sentence, but it also makes sense on its own, as in this

example:

He was eating a bacon sandwich.

[main clause]

The restaurant bill has already been paid. 
           S                                   P
Compound sentences are made up of two or more main clauses linked by a conjunction such asand, but, or so, as in the following examples:

I love sport	and	I’m captain of the local football team.
[main clause]	[conjunction]	[main clause]

She was born in Spain	But	her mother is Polish.
[main clause]	[conjunction]	[main clause]

Subordinate clause

A subordinate clause depends on a main clause for its meaning. Together with a main clause, a subordinate clause forms part of a complex sentence. Here are two examples of sentences containing subordinate clauses:

After we had had lunch,	we went back to work.
[subordinate clause]	[main clause]

I first saw her in Paris,	where I lived in the early nineties.
[main clause]	[subordinate clause]

·         After I changed the APN, I unpluged my modem and waited for 5 minutes.

·         Before she went to Jakarta, she got her flowers watered

·         As soon as/once they finish filling the questionnaire, I will process the data.

There are two main types of subordinate clause: conditional clauses and relative clauses.

Conditional clause

A conditional clause is one that usually begins with if or unless and describes something that is possible or probable:

If it looks like rain	a simple shelter can be made out of a plastic sheet
[conditional clause]	[main clause]

I'll be home tomorrow	unless the plane's delayed for hours.
[main clause]	[conditional clause]

(+) If I have free time, I will go swimming.
(-)  If you don’t finish your homework, your teacher will be angry.
(?)  If they invite you, will you come?

Relative clause

A relative clause is one connected to a main clause by a word such as which, that, whom, whose,when, where, or who:

I first saw her in Paris,	where I lived in the early nineties.
[main clause]	[relative clause]

She wants to be with Thomas,	who is best suited to take care of her.
[main clause]	[relative clause]

I was wearing the dress	that I bought to wear to Jo's party.
[main clause]	[relative clause]

Using relative clauses

Have you ever wondered about when to use that and when to use which or who in this type of sentence? In fact, for much of the time that is interchangeable with either of these words. For example:

You’re the only person who has ever listened to me.

You’re the only person that has ever listened to me.

It’s a film that should be seen by everyone.

It’s a film which should be seen by everyone

When referring to something, rather than someone, that tends to be the usual choice in everyday writing and conversation in British English. However, there is one main case when you should not use that to introduce a relative clause. This is related to the fact that there are two types of relative clause: a restrictive relative clause and a non-restrictive relative clause.

Restrictive relative clause

A restrictive relative clause (also known as a defining relative clause) gives essential information about a noun that comes before it: without this clause the sentence wouldn’t make much sense. A restrictive relative clause can be introduced by that, which, whose, who, or whom. You should not place a comma in front of a restrictive relative clause:

√ She held out the hand	which was hurt.
√ She held out the hand	that was hurt.
[main clause]	[restrictive relative clause]

You can also leave out that or which in some restrictive relative clauses:

√ It reminded him of the house	that he used to rent in Oxford.
√ It reminded him of the house	which he used to rent in Oxford.
√ It reminded him of the house	he used to rent in Oxford.
[main clause]	[restrictive relative clause]

Non-restrictive relative clause

A non-restrictive relative clause (also called a non-defining relative clause) provides extra information that could be left out without affecting the meaning or structure of the sentence. Non-restrictive relative clauses are normally introduced by which, whose, who, or whom, but never bythat. You should place a comma in front of them:

She held out her hand,	which Rob shook.
[main clause]	[non-restrictive relative clause]

If a non-restrictive relative clause is in the middle of a sentence, you should put commas beforeand after it:

Bill,	who had fallen asleep on the sofa,	suddenly roused himself.
	[non-restrictive relative clause]

What Are Clauses?

A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and a verb.

A clause can be distinguished from a phrase, which does not contain a subject and a verb (e.g., in the afternoon, drinking from the bowl).

An independent clause can express a complete thought (and can be a standalone sentence). A dependent clause is usually a supporting part of a sentence, and it cannot stand by itself as a meaningful proposition (idea).

Examples of Independent Clauses

Here are some examples of independent clauses (shaded):

Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.

(Tara ate a cheese roll is an independent clause. It works as a standalone sentence.)

Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.

A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing. (Louis Hector Berlioz)

Examples of Dependent Clauses

Here are the same examples with the dependent clauses shaded:

Tara ate a cheese roll after she watched the news.

(The clause after she watched the news is a dependent clause. It does not work as a standalone sentence.)

Even though his mother was a driving instructor, my cousin failed his driving test six times.

A computer once beat me at chess, but it was no match for me at kick boxing.

These three dependent clauses (or subordinate clauses as they're also called) could have been independent clauses. However, the opening word(s) (in these examples after, Even though, and but) turned them into dependent clauses. The opening words are known as dependent words, the main type of which issubordinating conjunctions.

How Are Clauses Used in Sentences?

Clauses can play a variety of roles in sentences. A clause can act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb.

Noun Clauses

I cannot remember what I said last night.

            (In this example, the clause acts like a noun.)

Compare the example above to this:

I cannot remember my speech.

            (speech = noun)

I forgot the fact. (noun)

I forgot it. (pronoun)

I forgot that the fact was very important. (noun clause)

Adjective Clauses

My dog, who usually refuses to go near the water, dived in the canal to chase a water vole.

            (In this example, the clause acts like an adjective.)

Compare the example above to this:

My water-shy dog dived in the canal to chase a water vole.

            (water-shy = adjective)

If an adjective clause could be removed without wrecking the sentence (i.e., it just adds additional information), then it should be offset with commas. (You could equally use brackets or dashes.) A clause which can be safely removed is called a non-restrictive clause. A restrictive clause, on the other hand, is one which cannot be removed because it's essential to the sentence. Restrictive clauses are not offset with commas.

For example:

The man who lives next door is getting ruder.

(This is an example of a restrictive clause. You cannot remove it. There are no commas.)

Councillor Simon Smith, who lives next door, is getting ruder.

(This is an example of a non-restrictive clause. You can remove it. It's just additional information. That's why there are commas around it.)

Adverbial Clauses

He lost his double chin after he gave up beer.

            (In this example, the clause acts like an adverb.)

Compare the example above to this:

He lost his double chin recently.

            (recently = adverb)

Sumber :

http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/clauses

http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/clause.htm

https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subordinate-conjunctions

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-conditional-sentence-type-1